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Gathering of the Tribes

Witchcraft and Wicca

Witchcraft and Wicca and Doreen Valiente

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Divination Resources

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Divination is the process of foreseeing future events or obtaining secret knowledge through divine sources, omens, or oracles. It is based on the belief that revelations are offered to humans in extrarational forms of knowledge: ancient Chaldeans studied birds' flight and patterns in water or entrails; the Greeks put their trust in the ORACLE. Present-day forms of divination include crystal gazing, palmistry, and astrology. The practice was closely allied with religion among pagan, Hebrew, and early Christian peoples.

Contact with the supernatural is usually sought through a psychic medium, a person supposedly endowed with supernormal receptivity. In direct divination, the medium acquires knowledge through direct contact with the unknown. The oracle, a medium or diviner who figured prominently in the beliefs of a number of ancient peoples, including those of Babylonia and Greece, typified the mediumistic method. Oracles employed various techniques in establishing contact with divinity. Some, such as the oracle at Delphi, passed into a trance and, in this condition,uttered divine messages. Others practiced oneiromancy, or divination by dreams, and necromancy, the art of conjuring up revelations from the souls of the dead. The direct method of divination is closely approximated in much of modern spiritualism.

The accomplishment of indirect or artificial contact with the supernatural depends on the interpretation by a medium of the behavior of animals and natural phenomena, which might convey messages from the supernatural. In antiquity, common artificial or inductive means of divination were the casting of lots; haruspication, the inspection of animal entrails; and ornithomancy, the study of the activity of birds.

In ancient Rome, augurs or priests performed their divination in elaborate ceremonies, called auguries, by reading auspices or omens. To determine the will of the gods, they utilized such forms of divination as haruspication, ornithomancy, and the interpretation of dreams and visions. These augurs, members of a college that existed in Rome from the founding of the city until late in the 4th century AD, exercised enormous power. No Roman would embark upon a major undertaking unless the augurs decided the auspices were favorable. The forms of inductive divination best known today include astrology; crystallomancy, or crystal gazing; bibliomancy, the interpretation of secret messages from books, especially from the Bible; numerology, the study of numbers; and the reading of palms, tea leaves, and cards.

Divination in China followed a different course. In the Shang dynasty, shoulder blades of oxen and the bottom shells of tortoises were inscribed and heated. A message was derived from the pattern of cracks formed across the inscription after heat was applied. The founder of the Zhou (Chou) dynasty is said to have established the traditional patterns of lines and added the judgments of their significance. His son, the duke of Zhou, is said to have composed the commentaries. The collected judgments are known as T'uan and the commentaries as Yao.

In the time of Confucius, additional texts, the Wings, were appended. The result was the text known as I Ching (Book of Changes). The interpretations found in the Wings are sometimes attributed to scholars of the Han dynasty.

The cosmological principle behind the I Ching is simply that of change. Change is the movement between the cosmic forces of yin and yang, as represented by the divided and undivided lines of the traditional patterns, the 8 trigrams, and the 64 hexagrams formed from them by casting lots. Three divided yin lines signify earth; three undivided yang lines signify heaven. The 64 hexagrams, therefore, represent all possible situations or changes in creation. Examination of the hexagrams will furnish a description of the universe at that particular moment in its endless process of change and will provide hints of its future course of development.

The list of items that have been used in divination is extraordinary. Here are just a few:

aeluromancy (dropping wheatcakes in water and interpreting the result)
aeromancy (divination by examining what the air does to certain things)
alectoromancy or alectryomancy (divination by a cock: grains of wheat are placed on letters and the cock "spells" the message by selecting grains)
alphitomancy (dropping barleycakes in water and interpreting the result)
astragalomancy or astragyromancy (using knucklebones marked with letters of the alphabet)
astrology
axinomancy (divination by the hatchet: interpreting the quiver when whacked into a table)
belomancy (divination by arrows)
capnomancy (divination by the smoke of an altar or sacrificial incense)
cartomancy
catoptromancy or crystallomancy (using mirrors or lenses)
cephalomancy (divination by a donkey's head)
chiromancy (palmistry)
cleidomancy (divination by interpreting the movements of a key suspended by a thread from the nail of the third finger on a young virgin's hand while one of the Psalms was recited)
coscinomancy (divination by a balanced sieve)
cromniomancy (divination by onions)
dactylomancy (divination by means of rings put on the fingernails or the number of whorls and loops on the fingers)
daphnomancy (divination using the laurel branch: how did it crackle when burned?)
dowsing
geomancy
haruspicy (inspecting the entrails of slaughtered animals)
hydromancy (divination by examining what certain things do in water or when taken out of water, such as coffee grounds or tea leaves); hydatoscopy (if rainwater is used); pegomancy (if spring-water is used)
lampadomancy (interpreting the movements of the flame of a lamp)
libanomancy (interpreting the smoke of incense)
lithomancy (divination using precious stones)
lecanomancy (dropping precious stones into water and listening for whistles)
margaritomancy (divination by the pearl: if it jumps in the pot when a person is named, then he is the thief!)
metoposcopy (interpreting frontal wrinkles)
molybdomancy (divination by melted lead: interpreting its noises and hisses when dropped into water)
necromancy (communicating with spirits of the dead to predict the future)
oinomancy (divination by wine)
onychomancy (interpreting the reflection of sun rays off nails)
ornithomancy or orniscopy (interpreting the flights of birds)
ovomancy (using eggs)
papyromancy (divination by folding paper)
pyromancy or pyroscopy (divination by fire)
rhabdomancy (using the divining rod or magic wand)
rhapsodmancy (divination by a line in a sacred book that strikes the eye when the book is opened after the diviner prays, meditates or invokes the help of spirits)
scapulamancy
scrying
sideromancy (interpreting straws thrown on a red-hot iron)
stichomancy
tasseography (reading tea leaves)
urim v'tumim (reading sacred stones attached to the breastplate of the high priest in ancient Judaism)


 

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Rhuddlwm Gawr - kokopelli Author:  Originally by Taliesin einion Vawr, Revised by Celtic Church of Dynion Mwyn, Inc.
Copyright © 1977, 1992, 2003 by Celtic Church of Dynion Mwyn, Inc.   All rights reserved.
Revised: 26 Jun 2008 14:33:00 -0400

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